Abstract
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, encompassing Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, is distinguished by rapid urbanization, robust economic growth, and substantial energy consumption. The built environment has expanded significantly to accommodate burgeoning populations and economic activities, driven by remarkable economic development over recent decades. In addition to the rapid economic development, population growth, urbanization, the region’s hot climate and high demand for air conditioning further exacerbate energy consumption, rendering energy efficiency a critical priority.
