Abstract
The continued demand for global seaborne trade is estimated to have accounted for 85.9% of world trade in 2023, with demand reaching 12 billion tons. As with the growth in demand, the continued growth in CO₂ emissions from global shipping, which currently contributes an estimated 2.19%, equivalent to 837.7 million tons (mt) of the total CO₂ emission output and an estimated 3% of worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has led to a push toward increased measures to limit emissions since the sector is projected to contribute approximately 10%-13% of global GHG emissions in the future if no action is taken to decarbonize the sector.
