Abstract
Road freight transport is a leading oil consumer and one of the most hard-to-abate sectors (IEA 2017; McKinnon 2018). In most developing countries, the sector is characterized by excessive market fragmentation, where the majority of the market supply is from small carriers, such as owner-operators (Londono-Kent 2009). This has led to low systemic energy efficiency in the road freight sector and it has likely contributed to the rapid energy demand growth in many emerging economies in the past (Agenbroad, Mullaney, and Wang 2016; NITI AAYOG, RMI, and RMI India 2021).
