Abstract
As global efforts to tackle climate change intensify, the intersection of trade and climate policy is increasingly critical. Trade can drive access to clean energy technologies and promote sustainable practices but also risks amplifying emissions through carbon-intensive industries and uncoordinated policies. This paper examines how fragmented environmental standards, trade barriers, and green subsidies hinder competitiveness and climate progress. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift to align trade with climate goals, leveraging institutions like the WTO to foster low-carbon industries and equitable outcomes, with insights for Saudi Arabia and future research.
