Abstract
The rise in global sea levels and extreme events directly challenge the international freight infrastructure. This is particularly important considering the significance of sea-borne trade in international commerce and that key logistics and trade centers are located near coastal areas. Three strategies to adapt to the changes and disruptions are imperative. These include enabling a global framework to assess climate change and extreme event risks in maritime activities, design adaptive enforcement mechanisms that set a minimal standard to reduce pollutants and develop sustainable infrastructure for seaborne activities, and ensure that future infrastructure investments contribute to mitigating climate change and extreme events (such as pandemics).
