Abstract
The European energy crisis started in the second half of 2021 and was aggravated in 2022 by geopolitical tensions in Eastern Europe, explosions on the crucial Nord Stream pipelines that bring a significant portion of Russian gas to Europe and unplanned nuclear outages and low hydro levels. To overcome this crisis, European countries have been adopting different measures. They range from reintroducing coal into power generation to taking measures to decrease energy consumption and searching for alternative energy sources.
